Physical Theorems
Schrödinger Equation
Fundamental equation of quantum mechanics. Predicts probability distributions.
Wave-Particle Duality
Light and matter both waves and particles. Double-slit experiment.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Fundamental limit of measurement. Not about instruments but nature itself.
Mass-Energy Equivalence
Most famous equation. Mass is concentrated energy. Nuclear power foundation.
General Relativity
Mass curves spacetime. Objects follow geodesics. Replaces Newtonian gravity.
Special Relativity
No absolute time or space. Moving clocks slow down. Length contraction.
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Explains planetary orbits, spinning ice skater, gyroscopes.
Conservation of Momentum
Momentum before equals momentum after. No external forces.
Conservation of Energy
Most fundamental law. Energy transforms between forms but never disappears.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy approaches constant as temperature approaches absolute zero.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Arrow of time. Heat flows hot to cold. Efficiency limits of engines.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of energy. Energy transforms but total remains constant.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Gravity acts between all masses. Inverse square law. Unified celestial and terrestrial.
Newton's Third Law
Action-reaction pairs. Conservation of momentum foundation.