Panpsychism
View that consciousness or mind-like qualities are fundamental and ubiquitous in nature. All matter has some degree of consciousness or proto-consciousness. Panpsychism addresses the hard problem by making consciousness a basic feature. Variants include constitutive panpsychism (micro-experiences combine into macro-experiences) and cosmopsychism (universe is one consciousness). Historical proponents include Leibniz, Whitehead, and Spinoza. Modern interest from philosophers like Chalmers and Nagel. Criticisms include the combination problem and lack of empirical evidence. Panpsychism bridges materialism and idealism.
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Consciousness
The subjective quality of experience—what it's like to be something. Phenomenal consciousness is qualitative experience …
Idealism
Metaphysical view that reality is fundamentally mental or experiential. Berkeley's subjective idealism: to be is …
Materialism
Metaphysical view that only physical matter exists; mental states reduce to brain states. Eliminative materialism …
Empiricism
Epistemological view that knowledge comes from sensory experience. Empiricists like Locke, Berkeley, and Hume reject …
Solipsism
Epistemological position that only one's own mind is certain to exist. Solipsism extends Cartesian doubt: …
Dualism
Metaphysical view that mind and body are distinct substances. Cartesian substance dualism: mind (res cogitans) …
Phenomenology
Philosophical method studying consciousness and experience as they appear to us. Founded by Husserl, phenomenology …
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