Dualism
Metaphysical view that mind and body are distinct substances. Cartesian substance dualism: mind (res cogitans) and matter (res extensa) are fundamentally different. Property dualism: one substance with mental and physical properties. Challenges include the interaction problem (how do mind and body causally interact?) and parsimony (why multiply entities?). Dualism aligns with intuitive sense of mental life's distinctness but conflicts with neuroscience. The view supports concepts of soul, afterlife, and moral responsibility. Most contemporary philosophers reject substance dualism.
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