Idealism
Metaphysical view that reality is fundamentally mental or experiential. Berkeley's subjective idealism: to be is to be perceived (esse est percipi). Kant's transcendental idealism: we know phenomena (appearances) not noumena (things-in-themselves). Absolute idealism (Hegel): reality is the unfolding of Absolute Spirit. Idealism challenges materialism's claim that matter is fundamental. Modern versions include analytic idealism and cosmopsychism. Criticisms include seeming conflict with science and common sense. Idealism addresses the hard problem of consciousness by making mind fundamental.
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Materialism
Metaphysical view that only physical matter exists; mental states reduce to brain states. Eliminative materialism …
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