Rationalism
Epistemological view that reason is primary source of knowledge, independent of experience. Rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz argue certain truths are knowable a priori through pure reason. Mathematical and logical truths exemplify rational knowledge. Descartes's method of doubt seeks indubitable foundations through reason. Rationalism emphasizes deduction from self-evident principles. Kant synthesized rationalism and empiricism, arguing both are necessary. Challenges include explaining how reason accesses truth and the relationship between thought and reality. Rationalism influences logic, mathematics, and systematic philosophy.
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