Utilitarianism
Ethical theory that right actions maximize overall happiness or well-being. Founded by Bentham and Mill, utilitarianism is consequentialist—judging actions by outcomes. Bentham's hedonistic version focuses on pleasure and pain. Mill distinguished higher and lower pleasures. Act utilitarianism judges each action; rule utilitarianism judges rules. The principle of utility seeks greatest good for greatest number. Strengths include impartiality and practical focus. Criticisms include difficulty calculating consequences, potential to justify injustice for majority benefit, and ignoring individual rights.
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