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Immanuel Kant

German philosopher who synthesized rationalism and empiricism in his critical philosophy. Kant's Critique of Pure Reason revolutionized epistemology and metaphysics, while his categorical imperative transformed ethical theory. His ideas on …

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Baruch Spinoza

Dutch philosopher of Sephardic Jewish origin who developed a comprehensive metaphysical system. Spinoza's Ethics presented a pantheistic view of God and nature as one substance, radically challenging traditional theology. His …

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Albert Camus

French-Algerian philosopher and author who articulated the philosophy of the absurd. Camus explored the tension between humanity's desire for meaning and the universe's silence through works like The Myth of …

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Jean-Paul Sartre

French existentialist philosopher, playwright, and novelist who articulated the philosophy of radical freedom and responsibility. Sartre's famous declaration that "existence precedes essence" and concepts of bad faith, nothingness, and authenticity …

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Martin Heidegger

German philosopher whose work on Being and Time revolutionized phenomenology and existentialism. Heidegger's concepts of Dasein, Being-toward-death, and the question of Being itself reshaped continental philosophy. His later work on …

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Søren Kierkegaard

Danish philosopher and theologian regarded as the father of existentialism. Kierkegaard explored the individual's relationship with God, the nature of faith, anxiety, and despair. His concepts of the leap of …

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Plato

Ancient Greek philosopher and student of Socrates who founded the Academy in Athens. Plato's theory of Forms, political philosophy in the Republic, and dialogues examining justice, beauty, and truth laid …

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Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's concepts of archetypes, collective unconscious, individuation, and psychological types revolutionized our understanding of the human psyche. His integration of spirituality, mythology, …

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Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality. Known for concepts like the Übermensch, eternal recurrence, and the death of God. His profound influence on existentialism, postmodernism, …

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Søren Kierkegaard

Danish philosopher and theologian regarded as the father of existentialism. Kierkegaard explored the individual's relationship with God, the nature of faith, anxiety, and despair. His concepts of the leap of …

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Plato

Ancient Greek philosopher and student of Socrates who founded the Academy in Athens. Plato's theory of Forms, political philosophy in the Republic, and dialogues examining justice, beauty, and truth laid …

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People

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's concepts of archetypes, collective unconscious, individuation, and psychological types revolutionized our understanding of the human psyche. His integration of spirituality, mythology, …

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Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality. Known for concepts like the Übermensch, eternal recurrence, and the death of God. His profound influence on existentialism, postmodernism, …

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