Jean-Paul Sartre
French existentialist philosopher, playwright, and novelist who articulated the philosophy of radical freedom and responsibility. Sartre's famous declaration that "existence precedes essence" and concepts of bad faith, nothingness, and authenticity defined post-war French philosophy. His relationship with Simone de Beauvoir and political activism made him a public intellectual. Sartre declined the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1964.
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Simone de Beauvoir
French existentialist philosopher and feminist pioneer. Beauvoir's The Second Sex analyzed women's oppression through existentialist …
Simone de Beauvoir
French existentialist philosopher and feminist whose work The Second Sex analyzed women's oppression and laid …
Albert Camus
French-Algerian philosopher and author who articulated the philosophy of the absurd. Camus explored the tension …
Michel Foucault
French philosopher and historian who analyzed power, knowledge, and social institutions. Foucault's works on madness, …
Jacques Derrida
Algerian-French philosopher who founded deconstruction, challenging Western metaphysics and logocentrism. Derrida's analysis of binary oppositions, …
Arthur Schopenhauer
German philosopher who developed a metaphysical system centered on the concept of Will. Schopenhauer's pessimistic …
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish philosopher and theologian regarded as the father of existentialism. Kierkegaard explored the individual's relationship …
Søren Kierkegaard
Danish philosopher and theologian regarded as the father of existentialism. Kierkegaard explored the individual's relationship …
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Sartre on human freedom and responsibility
Sartre on human freedom and responsibility
Existentialism
Philosophical movement emphasizing individual existence, freedom, and choice. Existentialism asserts that existence precedes essence—humans create …
Authenticity
Existentialist concept of living in accordance with one's true self rather than social expectations. Heidegger's …
The Denial of Death
Becker's Pulitzer Prize-winning work synthesizes psychology, philosophy, and anthropology to argue that the fear of …
The Other
Philosophical concept of otherness and the fundamentally different. Levinas emphasized the Other's face makes ethical …
Meursault
Clerk who kills Arab on beach and faces execution with total indifference. Meursault represents absurd …
Nihilism
Philosophy asserting that life lacks inherent meaning, purpose, or value. Nihilism questions traditional morality, religion, …
Postmodernism
Philosophical movement skeptical of grand narratives, universal truths, and foundational certainty. Lyotard defined postmodernism as …